In a very funny sequence in the delightful new Disney animated fairy tale, Tangled, Rapunzel steps down from the tower that the woman whom she thinks is her mother has insisted she stay cooped up in all her life. She goes outside and touches the ground for the very first time - without that woman's knowledge.
She immediately experiences severe mood swings as she goes back and forth from the heights of ecstasy to the depths of despair over and over again in a very short time. One minute she is marveling at the feel of grass as she runs through. The next minute she is crying and wailing, "Oh, I'm a terrible daughter!" Soon thereafter she beams as she thrills in splashing through her first pool of water. Shortly after that she anxiously frets that she is hurting the woman who raised her and whom she loves.
The Harvard Guru of Drugging Children, Joseph Biederman, would probably diagnose her as bipolar. The male character who entices Rapunzel to come down out of the tower, however, is a much better diagnostician. He observes that she seems to be at war with herself.
Ah yes, neurosis. That old Freudian psychoanalytic term that signifies a conflict going on within a person (intrapsychic conflict) that allegedly creates the severe anxiety and self-defeating behavior seen in patients who come for psychotherapy . Different psychoanalytic, existential, and humanistic psychotherapy theoreticians (that is, those from certain schools of thought within the field) disagree over precisely what it is that "neurotic" people are most often conflicted, but they all stand by the concept.
Freud thought the conflict was between our internalized values and our biological urges - most frequently aggression and libido (psychic and emotional energy associated with drives).
Psychoanalyst Heinz Kohut thought it was over our needs to be validated, depend on others, and have a place to fit in within a family that may provide us with none of those things.
Experiential therapists such as Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls thought it was over what our social system wants us to do and our need to self-actualize (achieve one's full potential through creativity, independence, spontaneity, and a grasp of the real world).
Erik Erikson saw it as a struggle to negotiate different developmental stages over our lifetime, such as the struggle between the forces of identity and role confusion during adolescence or the struggle between the forces of integrity and despair in the elderly.
Existential therapists think it concerns our need to find meaning and connection in an absurd universe in which our own death looms.
Family Systems pioneer Murray Bowen thought it was between the forces of togetherness and the forces of individuality.
Almost all of the above concerns, one might note, center around a battle between doing what others expect of us and our own internal needs and desires. Social conformity versus going our own way. Such conflicts are hardly a novel or esoteric concept, and certainly they are well known to all of us. Yet the term neurosis has almost disappeared from the psychiatric lexicon. A huge mistake, in my opinion.
The term neurosis was all over the place in the first two editions of the diagnostic bible of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the DSM, until the DSM III came out in 1980. Then it was unceremoniously dropped. To be sure, it had been invoked as a causative factor in disorders and behaviors which we now know it had no business being associated with, such as severe obsessive-compulsive disorder and homosexuality.
Just because it was not one of the major causative factors for some psychiatric or behavioral conditions does not mean, of course, that it is not a major causative factor in any of them. Surely all of us think twice about doing what we want to do when we might be disowned by our parents or thrown in jail if we indulged ourselves. Yet we still have our own powerful personal needs and desires. That such conflict creates anxiety in us which can lead us to some strange compromises is almost indisputable.
But starting with the DSM-III, the powers that be wanted the list of psychiatric disorders to be merely descriptive and not get into the highly controversial area of what actually causes them (etiology). Saying intrapsychic conflict is a major cause of a disorder is just psychoanalytic theory, so the reasoning goes. And analysts have without a doubt been wrong about a great many things.
So psychiatrists are now stuck with the only official list of diagnoses in medicine that avoids the whole question of the causation of disorders. It's like a compendium of the symptoms of infectious diseases that never mentions viruses, bacteria, or parasites!
